The Ethics of Active Euthanasia

One of the most troublesome moral issues looked by researchers, clinical experts just as rationalists is that of killing. Whichever position one takes, discussions continually appear.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Ethics of Active Euthanasia explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More All the moral hypotheses that have been progressed on the side of dynamic killing practice have not been comprehensive in their clarifications (Shafer-Landau, 2012). Willful extermination has consistently been portrayed as the deliberate end of an individual’s life because of the inadequacy of the body to proceed with its ordinary capacities. To a few, this intentional end of life is murdering a guiltless individual while to others it is the correct activity (Shafer-Landau, 2012). The two positions have all the contentions against and those that are on the side of dynamic willful extermination. By and by, the contention that if a deed props up the standout gover nment assistance of each individual who is regarded troubled and encroaches nobody’s established or social equality, at that point that demonstration ought to be seen to be morally good. This contention emerges to be somewhat solid in contrast with valuable willful extermination contentions premises. This reason is by all accounts general and think about the privileges of the patient. It additionally draws on the normal, legitimate and moral points of view (Geirsson et al., 2010). This reason is likewise upheld by the way that it takes an increasingly impartial position. On the side of the willful extermination activity, the contention is that there are conditions when the standard of regular life can be damaged. That is, the point at which the end is defended by the methods (Shafer-Landau, 2012).Advertising Looking for article on morals? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In as much as it would show up ethically wrong to end an individual’s life, it would likewise be ethically off-base to live one to endure (Geirsson et al., 2010). Despite the fact that unbiased, this reason to a great extent draws on the utilitarianism hypothesis. The point of view gauges the impacts of the two reasons for activity. This incorporates either helping somebody to kick the bucket or to live. At the end of the day, it contends on the side of the correct purpose of activity (Geirsson et al., 2010). That is, doing the perfect thing. Those on the side of this reason take the position that dynamic willful extermination advances the wellbeing surprisingly concerned and hence it doesn't disregards any people rights (Geirsson et al., 2010). Thus, dynamic willful extermination should be seen to be morally good. Then again, the common reason gives off an impression of being the most vulnerable of the considerable number of contentions that have been advanced. To be exact, in the event that it is characteristic, it is c orrect while on the off chance that it is unnatural, it isn't right. This reason is feeble in light of the fact that it draws on just the normal hypothesis of the holiness of life. It doesn't think about the desire of the patient. That regular law draws from the strict and scriptural help for the holiness of life (Paterson, 2001). That no one yet just God has the privilege to end life. Fundamentally, it advances the ethical absolutes with the essential standards of life that can never be broken disregarding the circumstance (Paterson, 2001). The hypothetical rule this assumption is in dispute with is the stronghold just as the propagation of life. All good, lawful and moral principles of not executing an honest individual significantly draw on this statute. In this sense, killing consistently seems, by all accounts, to be normally off-base. A similar rule outlaws murdering oneself in as much as the patient would wish to be brought to death.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Ethics of Active Euthanasia explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Basically, this statute contends that Active killing is unnatural (Geirsson et al., 2010). Along these lines, killing isn't right. While this statute doesn't offer help to the dynamic willful extermination, it despite everything offers the window for open door for those activities whose principle points are to alleviate torment despite the fact that such measures may prompt casualty (Paterson, 2001). References Geirsson, H., Holmgren, M. Margaret, R. (2010). Moral hypothesis: A succinct collection. Calgary, Toronto: Broadview Press Paterson, C. (2001). The commitment of normal law hypothesis to good and legitimate discussion concerning self destruction, helped self destruction, and deliberate willful extermination. Los Angeles, California: Viewforth Shafer-Landau, R. (2012). Moral hypothesis. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. This paper on The Ethics of Active Euthanasia was composed and put together by client Richard Morton to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Pshychoanalytic Essay on Dorian Gray free essay sample

Psychoanalytic Essay on Dorian Gray Many individuals experience Sigmund Freud’s phases of character all together from the â€Å"ID† to the sense of self to the superego; in any case, in the book â€Å"A Picture of Dorian Grey† we see a relapse rather than a movement of Dorian’s character. He is depicted as an honest youngster and is profoundly lauded by Basil who appreciates him for his great character. It is conceivable he has a sort of â€Å"superego† as a result of the way that he might be â€Å"tainted†, as Basil says, by Lord Henry. Be that as it may, the gathering of Lord Henry and Dorian is unavoidable. There is a reason that must be full-filled inside the book which is seeing the fall of Dorian; the impetus being Lord Henry. Dorian relapses back to a condition of the â€Å"ID† through a progression of occasions that occur in the book. To start with, we see his gentile nature through his ability to sit for Basil and his enchanting eccentricities that pull in nearly everybody he meets. We will compose a custom article test on Pshychoanalytic Essay on Dorian Gray or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Here, we see the superego. Be that as it may, in the wake of meeting Lord Henry, he starts to endure between the â€Å"ID† and the superego. In the wake of being brutal to Sibyl, he feels regret and needs to make things directly with her. He comes to after his very own needs, yet then faces the truth that he can’t have it his way constantly and attempts to improve it. This is the place his cognizant becomes possibly the most important factor. He realizes that what he did wasn't right and the superego permits him to feel that regret and compensate for what he did. At the point when Dorian chooses to execute Basil, he has at long last arrived at his â€Å"ID† point throughout everyday life. He has now effectively relapsed to the least phase of character. In this way, Dorian makes an excursion down the stages and uncovers the opportunities for any individual once taken by the smart and shrewd fallen angel figure.

Example Syllabi COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Example Syllabi COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog First let me state what this entry is not.   The links you will find below are not the syllabi for those entering in the fall of 2010.   The syllabi listed below are samples taken from courses taught in the past for some of our core requirements.   Faculty are working over the summer to determine the exact content of classes for the upcoming semester and syllabi will be handed out during the first week of classes. What this entry is trying to accomplish is to provide you with samples of content of our core degree courses from the past.   Some incoming students have made requests for examples from past courses and our curricular affairs office passed along the following. So, please feel free to explore the syllabuses provided below to get an idea of the coursework and reading requirements.   Consider this a taste of a few of our offerings to get familiar with the work load and types of assignments you might expect. SIPA U4200-01 Economics for International and Public Affairs Sequence SIPA U6400-01 Economic Analysis Sequence CORE QUANTIATIVE ANALYSIS SAMPLE SYLLABI CORE MANAGEMENT SAMPLE SYLLABI MIA Conceptual Foundations MPA The Politics of Policymaking

No Child Left Behind Research Paper - 2986 Words

No Child Left Behind | A government attempt to fix American Education | Erica Cowan | Abstract Despite the vast majority of Americans that are educated though public school systems very successfully, many student of minority or low-income backgrounds have been â€Å"left behind.† The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), was the Bush administration’s attempt to help ensure that every public school student had a right to a solid education. A main goal was to have every school achieve higher scores on standardized testing each year and eventually by 2014 every student should score proficiently on their tests. Funding for NCLB was supposed to cover all the added costs that the schools would occur, but the funding ran out and schools are†¦show more content†¦Every year since 2002, the goal has been to increase the AYP (Adequate Yearly Progress). With the plan that was set, by 2014 every student should be able to pass every exam. If schools cannot meet the specified AYP, it becomes identified as a school needing improvement. If no improvement occurs the school will be subject to a complete takeover. There are very specific categories of progress that need to be reported. Every sub group needs to have improvement in its AYP. â€Å"‘The result is that the lowest-performing subgroup will ultimately determine the proficiency of a school, district or state,’ says Rich Cardullo, one of the authors of a paper published in the September 26th issue of Science magazine, which analyzes testing data from Californias elementary schools† (â€Å"All students proficient on state tests by 2014,† 2008). All teachers are required to become â€Å"highly qualified.† Every teacher must have at least a bachelor’s degree, full state certification, and have demonstrated knowledge in the core subject they are instructing. To demonstrate knowledge, new teachers must take and pass their state’s certification exam or they must meet a â€Å"High, Objective, Uniform Standard of Evaluation† or HOU SE. There is also an Alternative Certification Program where teachers can teach while they are still being trained and certified (â€Å"Are you ‘highly qualified’ according to NCLB?† 2010). Parents should have more options when sending their children to school. If aShow MoreRelatedEssay about Anotated Bibliography No Child Left Behind760 Words   |  4 PagesLevente Vizi Professor Di Gloria ENC 1101 T2 137 25 March 2012 Annotated Bibliography What the paper Whats Missing from No Child Left Behind? A Policy Analysis from a Social Work Perspective. argues is that the No Child Left Behind bill might not be accomplishing its purpose. Moreover, the paper sheds light on the social and emotional risk factors that prevent students from succeeding in school. In the end, the article suggests that school social workers are capable of eliminating theseRead MoreQuality Of Education : State And Federal Involvement1642 Words   |  7 PagesPresident, once stated, â€Å"A child miseducated is a child lost.† The importance of education has been hammered and embedded into our minds from the first day of school. We are constantly told education is the key to life. This is because education is â€Å"the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life (Dictionary.com).† Therefore, if a child is not educated at all orRead MoreThe Problem Of The No Child Left Behind Act821 Words   |  4 PagesWhat I know before doing my research paper on No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act is that president Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 passed the law before George W. Buch resigned on January 8th, 2002. 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In addition, it is the most current repetition and popular â€Å"of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act† (febp.newamerica.net, 2014). Therefore, this paper will search more about this document by answering three main questions. What is it about? How does it effect on American education? DoesRead MoreEducation Is A Central Need Of All People Around Over The World1543 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents from different districts, races, and social backgrounds. Therefore, to close this achievement gap, â€Å"the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002† (Aronson Ginsburg, 2014). In addition, it is the most current repetition and popular â€Å"of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act† (febp.newamerica.net, 2014). Therefore, this paper will search more about this document by answering three main questions. What is it about? How does it effectRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Education1566 Words   |  7 PagesMichael May Mr. Hoelzle Academic Writing 4 January 2015 Major Research Paper The Evolution of Education in America Education plays the most crucial role in the quality of life any person will ever live. Before a set structure, or a standard of education was made, education was not considered a necessity. Once the importance of education was established and more people began attending school, the race to a higher education became more intense than ever. People even began saving up to send their childrenRead MoreThe Ramifications of Government Reform on Education Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pageseducation in America. However, government acts like No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and Common Core curriculums have been put into effect in order to reverse America’s position. They are best understood as tools to bridge the achievement gap regardless of what a child may look like, sound like, or what part of the nation they come from. These programs are designed to help all children excel in school no matter what. Even though the No Child Left Behind Act significantly increased the average performanceRe ad MoreWhat Is Supply And Demand In Research1135 Words   |  5 PagesResearch is making its way into the field of education. This is due impart of federal and state government stepping up their involvement in education. Under former President, George W. Bush signed into law the No Child Left Behind bill. No Child Left Behind is also known as NCLB. School districts are accountable for their quality of teaching to their state agencies and research plays a main role in how lessons are taught, the materials used in classrooms, and reflection and adjustments to lessons

US Economy Under Reagan in the 20th Century - 557 Words

US Economy Under Reagan in the 20th Century The 20th century economics in the United States were heavily determined by Reagan’s economic policies and political legacies, which eventually resulted in free market expansion. Ronal Reagan, the 40th president of the US, contributed significantly to the boom in America’s economy. A few of the major things he stressed on included controlling inflation, expanding free market, and established major economic laws and policies. When Reagan took office, the economy was experiencing a double-digit inflation and high unemployment rates. Sky-high inflation during a time of slow growth and rising unemployment proved painful for the common man, who’s earnings were not suffice to fulfill its’ needs. Reagan provided with much more of a unique vision, through which he was able to lower inflation rates from 13.4% to 5.1% (parenthetical citation). It was during this time that Reagan cut tax rates and reduced government regulati on in effort to increase the production of goods. For example, he removed the excessive regulations placed on the price of oil, which broke the OPEC oil cartel. Additionally, Reagan worked to increase employment rates. In fact, during his term, the unemployment rates decreased from 7.5% to 5.3% (parenthetical citation). In December of 1982, unemployment had peaked, but soon enough Reagan was able to overcome that obstacle as well. Sixteen-million new jobs were created, which led to economic growth. The steady economicShow MoreRelatedRonald Reagan Is The Most Influential Man Of The United States1370 Words   |  6 Pagesand the economy are still recovering from the Vietnam War, and are suffering from the failure of the presidency of Jimmy Carter. The U.S. economy is in the worst state it has been in since the Great Depression - inflation is at 13.5 percent, unemployment is at 9.5 percent and the federal discount rate is at 14 percent. But after 8 years, Ronald Reagan will turn the c ountry inside out, and make the world a better place to live in. Considered the best president of his century, Ronald Reagan is the mostRead MoreThe Great Communicator : Ronald Reagan1300 Words   |  6 Pagesand the economy are still recovering from the Vietnam War, and are suffering from the failure of the presidency of Jimmy Carter. The U.S. economy is in the worst state it has been in since the Great Depression - inflation is at 13.5 percent, unemployment is at 9.5 percent and the federal discount rate is at 14 percent. But after 8 years, Ronald Reagan will turn the country inside out, and make the world a better place to live in. 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Originally a liberal Democrat, Reagan ran for the U.S. presidency as a conservative Republican and won, his term beginning in 1980. Ronald Reagan became the oldest President elected when he took office as the 40th President of the United States. He was also the first URead MoreU.s National Debt And History1304 Words   |  6 PagesUS national debt and history The national debt of US is the amount owed by the federal government. In the past decade, $12.7 trillion have been added to the US national debt and at the end of fiscal year of 2016, the amount is expected to be approximately $22.4 trillion including federal, state and local. Debt per citizen will be over $63.000 and debt per taxpayer is about $163.000. 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He is considered by many people as one of the greatest presidents in American history. Section 1 of this paper begins by explaining why Reagan is considered a great president by many people, and also gives some background information on the state of the economy he had inherited. Section 2 reflects on Reagan’s domesticRead MoreHow Big Is The National Debt And Describe Its History?905 Words   |  4 Pageshow big is US national debt and describe its history? There seems to be a surge in national debt during the GW Bush and Obama administrations. Why is that? What are the consequences of a large national debt? Is it going to hamper the economic growth as some have claimed? Is it possible for US to default on its debt in future? Explain. Why the Nobel winning economist Paul Krugman is not as alarmed as many others are with respect to the high level of US national debt? Describe how big US nationalRead More Cold War and Its Effects Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesWhile this would seem typical in any planet to have two world powers this case is extremely interesting because they had different governmental structures that were completely the opposite. On one hand there was America. We are a free market economy that is defined as being capitalist. Capitalism is a social and political system that means every person must fend for themselves. This is true economically and politically. Each individual has the ability to do whatever they choose with theirRead MoreThe Collapse of the Soviet Union Essay example1016 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 19th century saw itself in chaos going into the 20th century. These chaoses were marked by the new ideas brought in by the new leaders who had emerged eventually into power. Almost every aspect of the Soviet Union was crumbling at this period both politically and socially, as well as the economy. There were underlying reasons for the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and eventually Eastern Europe. The economy is the most significant aspect of every government. The soviet economy was highly

Motivational Interviewing Free Essays

It is one of the most carefully defined and rigorous treatment for substance abuse (Miller, 1991). It was developed my William Miller, Stephen Rollnick, and other colleagues over the past 2 decades. It uses a concise psychotherapeutic intervention for helping people change an addictive behavior such as a substance abuse. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Interviewing or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is intended to assist and enhance a person’s intrinsic motivation to change addictive behavior in a highly empathetically supportive but strategically directed conversation about the person’s use of substance and related life events. Variety of techniques are used that will increase intrinsic motivation for change. Some useful techniques used are micro skills (open – ended questioning, affirmations, reflections, and Summary or OARS) and strategies (creating discrepancies between a person’s current behavior and his or her goals, his values, the way he perceived himself, establishing and exploring ambivalence and handling resistance skillfully.(Miller, 1990) Initially, Miller and his colleagues developed Motivational Interviewing to treat people who have alcohol substance abuse; they used principles of motivational psychology and clinical research. If clients have options for alternative approaches they are seem to have an improved treatment and a better outcome. This kind of therapy helped people become realistic, have a set of clear goals which are achievable and possible that will help him or her change for the better. What is motivation? It is the probability that a person will be ready to change, namely, enter into, continue, and adhere to a specific change strategy. Each one of us can be motivated, and those who are lifeless are only considered unmotivated. But, not only motivation will work alone on this kind of therapy, confrontation is also needed, it is a part of all psychotherapies. The question is not solely based if people should be confronted or not, but how to confront effectively and efficiently that eventually will lead to a successful therapy. Change could not be achieved right away. It takes a lot of time, hard work, and perseverance both for the therapist and the client. Change is hard, but it is essential. Uncertainty or ambivalence is accompanied by change. Every client undergoes this kind of stage where he feels uncertain. This is just a normal part or process of change. Successfully addressing ambivalence is considered to be a crucial skill for a Motivational Interviewing. (Miller, 1990) There are four basic assumptions of Motivational Interviewing according to Miller (1990), they are as follows: Optimistic and humanistic perspective Motivation is considered to be a condition, not a trait Approaching change where ambivalence is constant, it is a normal, acceptable, and understandable aspect. Motivation is an interpersonal phenomenon Primarily, clients do not seek therapy because they are motivated. It is the sole responsibility of the therapist to initiate change, and help his or her client to be motivated. It shouldn’t come within from the client, rather it is a process imposed by therapy and slowly accepting by the client. According to Miller (1990) there are 4 key principles of Motivational Interviewing, such as: Empathy should be expressed, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self – efficacy. This should be applied into 2 phases, while building motivation for change to the client and be able to strengthen his commitment to change. Aside from this, there are 3 critical components of motivation: readiness, willingness and ability. The client should be ready for change. It is a step by step process, slowly the person begins to adapt new things to his system that leads to changes, and he is ready for change. Thus, readiness is relatively linked to priorities; you prioritize things which are important for you to change. Willingness, one should be willing to commit himself to change, not influenced by any factor rather he is open freely to change. The ability of motivation is of great importance both for the client and the therapist. It should be coming mostly from the therapist, to initiate change and be motivated. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy It was developed by Dr. Albert Ellis; it is a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Therapy was done by identifying some ideas that are problematic and erroneous that is linked with emotional and behavioral problems that are correlated with irrational thoughts, assumptions and beliefs, thus irrational thoughts are then replaced with more rational, reality-based perspectives. In a therapy session, therapist teaches his clients to stay away from negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors for a more positive outlook in life. In this way, the client can achieve self acceptance and life satisfaction because he was able to gain and maintain realistic perception in life. (Dryden, 1990) Certain beliefs or thoughts that are considered to be irrational are confronted and other options or alternative are made that make more sense especially when it is examined logically and factually. Rather than focusing on historical or abstract theories, the focal point of the therapy is on the present and at the same time using scientific thinking. People who come for REBT are taught and encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings and behavior, and empowered to change beliefs and reactions that are maladaptive, distorted, interfere with their goals and functioning, and thwart their enjoyment of life. With practice, the new ideas become part of the person, integrated into their way of being. (Dryden, 1990) It is a system of psychotherapy that was designed to help people live longer, decrease their emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors, and actualize themselves so that they live a more fulfilling, productive, and happier lives ( Ellis Bernard, 1985) ABC Model of REBT Irrational beliefs are defined as rigid, inconsistent, illogical and detrimental to the persons’ pursuit of basic goals and purposes. The ultimate goal of REBT is to replace these irrational thoughts with rational thoughts, because it will help the client to live longer and happier through therapeutic process. Development includes (1) setting up for themselves certain happiness – producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals (2) using efficient, flexible, scientific, logico – empirical easy to achieve such values and goals to avoid contradictory or self – defeating results (Ellis Bernard, 1985) ABC Model Approach The initial component of the ABC Model is the â€Å"A† or activating event. A’s are considered to be events that we attend to and that trigger our beliefs or thoughts. However, this doesn’t cause any emotional reactions. It is our beliefs that cause our emotional reponse.activating events could be external or internal to the person, whether the person is directly or indirectly exposed to such event. Events can also refer to the past, present or future events ( Dryden, 1999) B stands for Beliefs in the ABC Model. Beliefs are fully and explicitly evaluative and are at the core of a person’s emotions and significant behaviors (Dryden, 1999). People take the activating events in their lives and formulate beliefs that could essentially affect their reactions or consequences. These beliefs can be rational or irrational and are usually based on their preferences. Preferences refer to the basic needs, wants, wishes, and desires of the person. When beliefs become unrealistic, illogical and impossible it can considered dysfunctional. C variable refers to the consequences of our beliefs in the context of a particular situation. When the individual preferences are not met, the person experience healthy negative emotions (Dryden, 1999). Examples of this are remorse, sadness, and sorrow. These negative emotions are regarded as to be healthy because they force people to change. People doesn’t like the way they feel because of these negative emotions, and in turn they seek for changes in their belief system. There are also unhealthy negative emotions; anxiety, depression, guilt and hurt. These feelings can become severe that they damage normal functioning. Thus, a therapeutic intervention is needed. REBT was designed to help those individuals change the experienced unhealthy negative emotions as a result of the beliefs they hold. Both therapies are beneficial for the people who are on a substance abuse. One significant difference is that motivational interviewing takes more time and is more in depth because of the actual process the person undergoes. The client should be ready for change, and the therapist gradually imposing change to the person. On the other hand, REBT is more concise and focus; it is directly targeted on the individual’s main problem. References: Dryden, W. (Ed.). (1990). The Essential Albert Ellis: Seminal Writing on Psychotherapy. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Dryden, W. (1999) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: A Training Manual. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc Ellis, A., Bernard, M.E. (Eds.). (1985) Clinical Applications of Rational – Emotive Therapy. New York: Plenum Press. Miller, W.R., Rollnick, S. (1991, 2002) Motiovational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change ( New York, Guilford Press) Miller, W.R. (1999). Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP Series 35. Rockville, MD: U.S. DHSS Publication No. (SMA)02-3693. How to cite Motivational Interviewing, Essay examples Motivational Interviewing Free Essays Motivational Interviewing Katey Andersen Bethany Degner Jessica Fulton Natalia Pitts Chelsy Stadler Motivational interviewing is a counseling approach developed by Professor William R. Miller, Ph. D and Professor Stephen Rollnick, Ph. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Interviewing or any similar topic only for you Order Now D Miller is a professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of New Mexico and received his Ph. D in clinical psychology from the University of Oregon in 1976. Stephan Rollnick completed his Masters in research in Strathclyde University in Glasgow and his professional clinical psychology training in Cardiff, Wales. Motivational interviewing was first thought of y Miller in 1983 in his article Behavioural Psychotherapy and was elaborated on in 1991 with Rollnick. It is a goal-orientated approach (Hall, Gibbie, Lubman, 2012). There are some specific strategies that have been used to work with individuals. SAMHSA believes that by employing these, MI is a successful method for clients with co-occurring disorders. Motivational interviewing includes: assessing the client’s view of the issue and seeing if they understand their condition, finding out if the client wishes to pursue a treatment plan and, if so, having them attend sessions, and astly, helping the client see that there are possibilities for them to change (SAMHSA). MI also assists clients in exploring their motivations for changing. It is important to remember that this approach isn’t about counselors telling clients what to do, but clients realizing their potential for change (Hall et al. 2012). Motivational interviewing is helpful for clients that are going through different stages of treatment, but it is thought that it is the most helpful in early treatment. This might be because clients have difficulties realizing the depth of their problems (SAMHSA). Motivational interviewing is a good method to connect with clients because it is a joint and collaborative decision process. The choice for change is up to the client (Hall et al. , 2012). The counselor often uses techniques to engage the client such as open-ended questions, affirmation, and retlective statements S important to note that only the individual can commit to a change even if goal plans are made between the client and counselor (SAMHSA). When practicing motivational interviewing, the counselor helps the client realize discrepancies in their behavior ersus their goals but otherwise lets the counselor do a lot of the listening to gain information from the client (SAMHSA). They are directive with the client so, together; they can examine goals and resolve ambivalence, therefore; motivational interviewing is solution based (Sobell, 2008). Counselors use multiple techniques to help clients reach their goals for change. The first is eliciting/evoking change talk, which is usually associated with stressful outcomes (Sobell, 2008). It can be used to address discrepancies that the counselor notices. Different questions the counselor can ask include: â€Å"What would you like to ee different about your current situation† or â€Å"What will happen if you don’t change† (Sobell, 2008). Counselors could also invite the client to look forward in time to see how their life would be if they do or do not change (Sobell, 2008). Other tactics that are used are reflective listening (SAMSHA) and normalizing (Sobell, 2008). Reflective listening is a tactic of responding to the client in the form of a hypothesis as well as building rapport between the client and the counselor (Sobell, 2008). A specific example is, â€Å"It seems to me that you want to start eating better ecause you have concerns about your health but it is hard to eliminate Junk food from your house. Clients will either agree or disagree with the hypothesis given back to them (Sobell, 2008). Normalizing is letting the client know that they are not alone in their situation and that others find change difficult (Sobell, 2008). Lastly, our research found the Columbo Approach to be intriguing. It is also a means of showing the client discrepancies and sometimes can sound a bit unsympathetic (Sobell, 2008). It go t its name from the 1970’s TV series Columbo and when counselors evoke discrepancies, it is usually done without bringing about a efensive behavior from the client. The client is also more likely to elaborate on their story (Sobell, 2008). An example would be, â€Å"So, help me to understand, on the one hand you say you want to live to see your 12-year old daughter grow up and go to college, and yet you won’t take your medicine your doctor prescribed for your diabetes. How will that help you live to see your daughter grow up,† (Sobell, 2008). Researching motivational interviewing was a good experience for our group. We liked how it was a client-based process because the client has to want to change; Katey especially liked that Motivational Interviewing holds the client accountable. If the client is not following through with their goals and the planning (and counselors have tried to suggest those discrepancies), motivational interviewing is not right for the client. We also liked that this form of counseling is adaptable for different types of problems that a client could be experiencing such as substance abuse, health coaching, dual diagnosis, or gambling problems. There doesn’t seem to be limits to the help a client can receive with this process if they are willing. These different ypes of problems and addictions are difficult to change if the client doesn’t own up to them; which is critical with Motivational Interviewing. One thing that was more of a challenge for us (it could be seen as a good thing or a bad thing) was a lot of our sources had the same information. This means that it was good information and solid work, but it also made it harder to tind tresner sources until we knew about the Riverland search engines. Once we knew how to log into that, there were an abundance of opportunities for more sources that were otherwise unknown about before. How to cite Motivational Interviewing, Papers

The Process of Formulating Policy

Lindblom’s Incrementalism Incrementalism is the process of formulating policy by aggregating the minute units of the policy to come up with comprehensive policy. Lindblom used the example of a manager who is supposed to formulate policy on inflation (79). The manager would have to aggregate all the values that affect inflation and then come up with policy using these values (Lindblom 79). The manager would then analyze the policy available and take advantage of the available policies to come up with a comprehensive framework (Lindblom 79).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Process of Formulating Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The barrier to significant policy change in Lindblom’s incrementalism theory is the fact that policy makers and analysts limit their scope to what is comprehensible to the users. They aim at simplifying the policy for the users rather than coming up with compreh ensive policy that may be difficult to understand. Lindblom intimates that the policy makers in the western democracies use incremental methods to formulate policy for the purpose of remaining relevant as well as simplifying the process of policy formation. Therefore, policy makers aim at coming up with policies that will not affect the ability of the users to understand. However, in this paper analysis of policy, Lindblom says that whatever might be seen as a minute change by one person may be seen differently by another (298). In this light, the other barrier to significant policy change is the view of policy users. Change in policy is dependent on the public attitude (Lindblom 85). Political scientists are of the opinion that the survival of democracy in the United States is dependent on fundamental agreement on sensitive issues (Lindblom 85). Therefore, if the users do not accept a change in policy, there will be no change in policy. For policy to change significantly there must be a great passage of time. Policy changes are gradual and occur over time. This is because the policy makers use old policies to formulate new policy. Lindblom explains that policy analysts and policy makers compare the existing policy with the old policy to come up with policy that is relevant over a given period (79). In the process, policy makers end up changing only a fraction of the policy available since most of the policies remain relevant over a long period time. Users of such policies may only notice a small change in the general policy but for the users to realize that a significant amount of change in policy a great deal of time must have passed. Therefore, for significant changes in policy to occur and be noticed by the users, a significant passage of time is necessary.Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kingdon’s Streams Model According to this theo ry, the barriers to significant policy change include goal specification and changing goals. Problems and preferences are relatively not well known by the policy makers (Zahariadis 75). Therefore, policy makers find it hard to select an alternative that would yield maximum benefit (Zahariadis 75). The major challenge under the concept of ambiguity is that policy makers do not know what the problem is (Zahariadis 75). The definition of problem is always shifting and vague (Zahariadis 75). Policy formulation is extremely complicated due to various reasons due to the differences in understanding among individuals. Sometimes these differences may contribute to lack of clear goals thus leading to shift in goals. Due to these problems, the policy formulated may be vague in terms of language, ambiguous, and contradictory. Policy makers also have the responsibility of filling gaps in policy. These gaps may or may not align with the intentions of the policy maker. If the gaps to be filled do not coincide with the intention of the policy maker then there is likelihood that the goals will not be specific. According to Zahariadis, for significant policy changes to occur, there must change in time (75). Time is unique and scarce and the primary objective of decision makers and policy is to manage time effectively (Zahariadis 75). It is reasonable to pursue policy-making decisions that may be irrational but can last through time (Zahariadis 75). Therefore, with this in mind the only way that policy can change effectively is through change in time. As time changes the interests of the people may also change. Therefore, changes in interest may also account for significant changes in policy. Kingdon’s adaptation of the garbage can model has incorporated ideas-versus-interests dilemma (Zahariadis 78). Therefore, changes in interests of the policy users may account for significant changes in policy. According to Zahariadis, the big political events are usually connected t o the small/ narrow sectional development in specific way (78). In this light of events, we can notice that significant policy change is highly dependent on the narrow or small ideas of users in different sectors of an organizational unit. Baumgartner and Jones’ Punctuated Equilibrium Punctuated equilibrium as used in policy is a theory that advances the notion that most policies will exhibit little or no changes for an extended period of time. In case the changes in policy occur, it is generally restricted to specific areas in the policy thus creating new policy that is completely different from the first.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Process of Formulating Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The barriers to policy changes in this model are the conservative nature of organizations, the restricted cognitive nature of human, and vested interest. The conservative nature of organizations expl ains how organizations and states are unwilling to change their policies over a given period of time. The policy makers remain sticky for a continued period of time until something happens to change their culture. In case of vested interest, the policy may remain stagnated for a while because it serves the interest of several people or groups. Baumgartner and Jones in their article â€Å"Punctuated Equilibrium in politics† explained this concept using the idea of policy monopolies (6). Every individual group and entrepreneur has his or her personal interest. Therefore, a monopoly in politics deals with policy of personal interest since no one likes competition (Baumgartner and Jones 6). Due to these interests, significant policy changes are hard to come by. Another reason for lack of significant changes is due to the limit in human knowledge. Policy will remain in the same stagnant stage until human gains knowledge or recognizes a need for change in policy. For policy to chan ge there must be humongous shifts in societal views or changes in government. It is logical that without change in societal views the policy may remain the same since they would have no qualms about the existing policy. The policy would be serving its purpose because the knowledge of the society is limited. However once the views of the society changes and they see that the policy is no longer serving its purpose significant changes are bound to occur. Another factor that may lead to significant changes is the shift in governance. Once the policy makers change policy is bound to change due to the fact that the new policy makers will want to serve their personal interests. If the previous policy does not serve, the interest of the new policy makers there will be a shift in policy thus a significant change to accommodate the interest of the new policy makers. Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith’s Advocacy Coalition Framework Advocacy coalition is the process where a group of individuals come up together to support specific policy change. According to Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith’s the idea of policy change is influenced by political scientists (14). Scholars have clearly demonstrated that the political scientists are not necessarily as neutral as they may be viewed neither are they indifferent to policy changes; instead these political scientists are members of coalitions that may or may not support policy changes.Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The degree of their support and the level of coalition determines how the policy changes. Therefore, policy changes are affected by cognitive limits of the political scientists. Significant policy changes may only occur if the political scientists recognize the need to change the policy and act in a collected effort to change the policy. Otherwise, changes in the core of matters of the policy are not susceptible to changes unless there are serious anomalies in the policy. Major policy changes occur in the core aspects of policy in case of very great anomalies in the policy. Where the policy experiences great anomalies, the political scientists may at as a unit to ensure that the policy is changes to suit its purpose. The levels of agreement among the political scientists needed to institute policy change vary across different governments. Hierarchically superior systems and coalitions may try to change the policy core of subordinate coalitions or levels. Policy core may change subst antially in cases where the fundamental perceptions of the policy makers change. For example, a change in basic priorities of the policy users may institute changes in the general policy core. Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith’s believed that the increase in support for environmental pollution lead to passage of the 1970 policy amendment (14). Moreover, serious problems in the policy may cause the policy makers to reconsider their stand on certain policies and change them. Deep core policies are hard to change it takes a lot of effort to change the deep core policies. Changes in deep core policies may change due to changes in beliefs of individuals and the political scientists. Like religious beliefs deep core policies are rooted in the systems and changes can only occur if the masses agree that the policy need to be changed. Therefore, for deep core policy to change there must be change in human nature, change in the priorities of the ultimate values, and a change in the socio-cult ural identity of the community. Changes in the secondary aspect of policy may occur significantly if there is a problem in the specific aspect. The political scientists must view this problem as serious enough in order to support significant policy changes. In addition to this, secondary aspects of policy may change due to administrative decisions. The administrators may collude to change policy n order to serve personal interests. Works Cited Baumgartner, Frank and Jones, Bryan. Punctuated Equilibrium in Politics. Colorado: Westview, 1999. Print Lindblom, Charles. â€Å"Analysis of Policy.† Public Administration Review, 19.2 (1958): 298-299. Print. Lindblom, Charles. â€Å"The Science of Muddling Through.†Public Administration Review, 19.2 (1958): 79-88. Print. Nikolaos, Zahariadis. Ambiguity, Time and Multiple Streams in Theories of Policy Process. Colorado: Westview, 1999. Print Sabatier, Paul and Hank, Jenkins-Smith’s. Advocacy Coalition Framework: an Assess ment. Colorado: Westview, 1999. Print This case study on The Process of Formulating Policy was written and submitted by user Leilani Pennington to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.